Passive Voice(Kalimat Pasif)

iDalam bahasa Indonesia, ada bentuk kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif. Kalimat aktif lebih berfokus pada subjek kalimat, sedangkan kalimat pasif lebih berfokus pada objek kalimat.

Kalimat pasif mempunyai beberapa bentuk.

1. Kalimat pasif dengan afiks di-
2. Kalimat pasif dengan persona.
3. Kalimat pasif dengan afiks ter-
4. Kalimat pasif dengan afiks ke-an.

Pada edisi ini kita akan belajar bentuk kalimat pasif 1 dan 2.

1. Kalimat Pasif dengan Afiks di-

Dalam kalimat pasif, me(N)- berubah menjadi di-. Sufiks -kan atau -i tidak hilang. Hanya kalimat transitif yang bisa menjadi kalimat pasif. (In passive sentences me(N)- is replaced by di-. Suffix -kan or -i do not drop. Only transitive verbs may be used in passive sentences)

Contoh:
- membeli –> dibeli
- mengirimkan –> dikirimkan
- memasuki –> dimasuki

Subjek (agent) dalam kalimat aktif adalah nama orang, nama negara, lembaga atau kata ganti orang ketiga (dia, mereka). (The subject (agent) in active sentence are the third person or name of person, state, office, etc). “oleh dia” bisa digantikan dengan -nya di akhir kata kerja pasif. (“oleh dia” (by him/her) is allowed when replaced by -nya at the end of the verb).

Kalimat Aktif :
Subjek (actor) + me (N) – verb + Objek (patient)

Kalimat Pasif
Subjek (patient) + di – verb + Agent (actor)

Contoh:
Aktif : Gilles akan menyewa sepeda motor ini.
Pasif : Sepeda motor ini akan disewa (oleh) Gilles.

Aktif : Saminah mengirimi anaknya uang
Pasif : Anaknya dikirimi uang oleh Saminah.

Aktif ; Dia harus membersihkan rumah itu
Pasif : Rumah itu harus dibersihkannya. (oleh -nya)

2. Kalimat Pasif dengan Persona

- Subjek (agent) dalam kalimat aktif adalah bentuk persona : Anda, kamu, kalian, saya, aku, kami, kita, mereka, dan dia. (The subject (agent) in active sentence are the personal pronoun: you, I, we, they, he and she)

Kalimat aktif
Subjek (actor) + (Adverb) + me (N) – verb + Objek (patient)

Kalimat Pasif
Subjek (patient) + (Adverb) + [Actor+verb tanpa me(N)+(kan/i)]

Contoh:
Aktif : Dia akan mendatangi tempat-tempat wisata di Jawa Barat.
Pasif : Tempat-tempat wisata di Jawa Barat akan dia datangi.

Aktif : Kita belum membicarakan masalah ini.
Pasif : Masalah ini belum kita bicarakan.

Aktif : Saya memasukkan buku itu ke dalam tas.
Pasif : Buku itu saya masukkan ke dalam tas.

Aktif : Saya sudah mengirimkan obat kepada Saminah.
Pasif : Obat sudah saya kirimkan kepada Saminah.

http://wismabahasa.wordpress.com/2008/04/09/kalimat-pasif-passive-voice/

comparisson degree

Comparisson Degree

v  Positive Degree

Merupakan perbandingan dua nilai yang sama , biasanya menggunakan dua pola, yaitu as ... as ... dan the same as
contoh :
- Solo is as beautiful as Surabaya
- Her love is as much as mine
- Sony and toshiba have the same price

v  Comparative Degree

Menyatakan perbandingan bahwa sesuatu lebih atau kurang dari yang lain. Beberapa cara untuk mengekspresikan perbandingan tersebut antara lain :
1. Menggunakan kata penghubung than
2. Menambahkan akhiran -er pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan more apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan
contoh :
- Rio is much taller than lely
- Notebook is more expensive than personal computer
- Marry finished the test more quickly than jack

v  Superlative Degree

Digunakan untuk menyatakan hal yang paling, ter- dari segala hal lainnya yang menjadi perbandingan.
1. Menambahkan kata sandang the di depan kata sifat ataupun di depan kata keterangan
2. Menambahkan akhiran -est pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan most apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan
contoh :
- He is the smastest boys in my class
-  Ina is the most beautiful girls in my school
- Hani finished the test the most quickly

Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences

Because conditional sentences are quite complex in both form and meaning, they are a problem for most learners of English. If you have a good understanding of the English tense system and of the modal auxiliaries, you will find it easier to understand and use conditional sentences. (The sentence you just read is a predictive conditional sentence.)

All conditional sentences contain a dependent clause and an independent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with if; it expresses a condition. The independent clause expresses a result of the condition. The if-clause is usually first, but the order of the clauses is usually not important. Thus, these two sentences have basically the same meaning:

If she goes to the store, she will buy ice cream.

She will buy ice cream if she goes to the store.

You have probably noticed that different teachers, textbooks, and Web sites sometimes explain the same thing in different ways. This seems to be especially true of conditional sentences. However, two different explanations can both be correct, especially if the difference is due to the fact that complicated material has been organized in different ways. This is often true of explanations of conditionals that you find in your textbooks. Here conditional sentences are divided into three types based on their meanings: real, predictive, and imaginative conditional sentences.

Also see The Sentence, Modal Auxiliaries, Verbs A-L, Verbs M-Z, Tenses, and Adverb Clauses.

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A. Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences.

1. Generalizations include facts that are always true and never change, and they include present or past habitual activities that are or were usually true.

Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually simple present or simple past) in both clauses. However, if the simple present tense is used in the if-clause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without changing the meaning.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts:

If water boils, it turns to steam.

If water boils, it will turn to steam.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities:

If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.

If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day.

If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

These generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if:

When water boils, it turns to steam.

When he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.

When he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

2. Inferences are often expressed in real conditional sentences.

Real conditionals expressing inferences usually have parallel verb phrases in both clauses. However, if a modal which explicitly expresses an inference (must or should, for example) is used in the main clause, parallel verb phrases are not used.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing inferences:

If today is Wednesday, it is George’s birthday.

If I can do it, anyone can do it.

if it is raining, the streets are getting wet.

If he was at school, he saw the accident.

If today is Wednesday, it must be George’s birthday.

If I can do it, anyone must be able to do it.

if it is raining, the streets must be getting wet.

If he was at school, he must have seen the accident.

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B. Predictive conditional sentences can express predictions and plans.

1. Predictive conditional sentences usually contain simple present tense in the if-clause and will or be going to in the result clause. However, a weaker modal of prediction (may or should, for example) can be used in the result clause to express less certainty.

2. Examples of predictive conditional sentences:

If the exam is hard, many students are going to fail.

If Mary does well on the final exam, she will get an A in the class.

If George does well on the final exam, he may get an A in the class.

If Fred studies, he should pass the exam.

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C. Imaginative conditional sentences are the most difficult for many learners of English because of the unusual relationship between form (the tenses used) and meaning.

In this type of conditional sentence, past tense refers to present or future time; past perfect tense refers to past time. Another problem for many learners of English is that were (not was) is used with singular subjects. Be is the only English verb with two past tense forms, but only one of them (were) is used in imaginative conditional sentences.

Imaginative conditional sentences can express hypothetical or contrary-to-fact events or states.

1. Hypothetical events or states are unlikely but possible in the present or future.

Imaginative conditional sentences expressing hypothetical events or states have a past tense verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause.

Examples of hypothetical conditional sentences (present and/or future time):

If George had enough money, he would buy a new car.

If I won the lottery, I would buy you a present.

If she knew the answer, she would tell us.

(George probably does not have enough money; I probably will not win the lottery; she probably does not know the answer.)

2. Contrary-to-fact events or states are either impossible in the present time or did not happen in the past.

Imaginative conditional sentences expressing present contrary-to-fact events or states have a past verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause. Some examples:

If I were you, I would not do that.

If she studied for exams, she would get better grades.

If it were raining, the streets would be wet.

(I am not you; she doesn’t study for exams; it isn’t raining.)

Imaginative conditional sentences expressing past contrary-to-fact events or states have a past perfect verb in the if-clause and would + have + verb (or might or could + have + verb) in the result clause. Some examples:

If George had had enough money, he would have bought a new car.

If I had won the lottery, I would have bought you a present.

If she had known the answer, she would have told us.

(George did not have enough money; I did not win the lottery; she did not know the answer.)

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Noun clause

Noun Clauses

See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.

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A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

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B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =

I know that Billy made a mistake.

To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I don’t know + Where is George? =

I don’t know where George is.

C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:

that

if, whether

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

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D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

correct:

Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.

correct:

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

not correct:

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

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E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:

not correct:

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

correct:

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

not correct:

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

correct:

Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

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F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:

future if its action/state is later

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.

present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.

past if its action/state is earlier

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.

past if its action/state is at the same time

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

past perfect if its action/state is earlier

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.

We learned that English is not easy.

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

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G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

What Mary said confused her parents.

However you learn to spell is OK with me.

Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

We didn’t know that Billy would jump.

We didn’t know Billy would jump.

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

I don’t know where he is.

George eats whatever is on his plate.

Noun clauses as subject complements:

The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

The truth is Billy was not very smart.

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements:

He is happy that he is learning English.

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

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